Several chemokines support malignancy, while others can at times inhibit this process.

The ability of chemokines to enhance the motility of leukocytes, endothelial cells, and/or tumour cells is a key factor in determining the cancer establishment and progression. Depending on their specific expression pattern on target cells, on tumour type and on tumour microenvironment factors, several chemokines support malignancy, while others can at times inhibit this process. On the basis of these evidences, the characterization of the different chemokine networks in various types of cancer cells may foster better knowledge for understanding the immune-related mechanisms of cancer development and application in cancer immunotherapy.